9.1 CRITICISM
During the twentieth century, divorce, single parenthood and live-in relationships are on the increase. Since gender roles have changed, there is equality in each and everything and everybody is restrained by the requirements of modern civil societies. People are now independent. They do not see the usefulness of the arguments in favour of human nature and “natural” gender roles.
CONCLUSION
To sum it all, the report has looked at different arguments. Some of the researchers have put forward explanations about the development of gender roles in human societies. Is it a result of nature or nurture that human behaviour changes? Biologists argue that genetics play an important role in shaping human behaviour. The psychoanalysts believe that children construct their gender as masculine or feminine from their experience of Oedipus and Electra complexes. Behaviour can also be acquired through social learning, which is based on observation, reward and punishment. Media plays a very important role as well in shaping someone’s behaviour. The report has also looked at how gender roles have changed during the 20th and 21st centuries.
REFERENCES
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Additional References from Scholarly Publications:
Helping Men, Women, Etc. GENDER RIGHTS. (June 18, 2001). Time, 157, 24. p.72+.
His Name Is Aurora: When a boy is raised as a girl, an Ohio suburb is suddenly in the throes of transgender politics. (Sept 25, 2000). Time, 156, 13. p.90+.
Prentice, D A, & Miller, D T (Feb 2006)., Essentializing Differences Between Women and Men. Psychological Science, 17, 2. p.129-135.
Evaluation of the Newborn With Developmental Anomalies of the External Genitalia. (July 2000). Pediatrics, 106, 1. p.138.
Cheng, C. (June 2005). Processes Underlying Gender-Role Flexibility: Do Androgynous Individuals Know More or Know How to Cope?. Journal of Personality, 73, 3. p.645-674.
Gwinn Wilkins, K. (Wntr 1999)., Development discourse on gender and communication in strategies for social change. Journal of Communication, 49, 1. p.46(2).
Einhorn, B. (Jan-April 1996). Links across difference: gender, ethnicity and nationalism., Women’s Studies International Forum, 19, n1-2. p.1(3).
Nilsen, A. P. (Jan 2000). Gender benders: men and women navigating the freeway to equity. English Journal, 89, 3. p.40(5).
Case, M A (Oct 1995)., Disaggregating gender from sex and sexual orientation: the effeminate man in the law and feminist jurisprudence. Yale Law Journal, 105, n1. p.1-105.
Peterson, S. (May 2001)., Gender identities and self-expression in classroom narrative writing. Language Arts, 78, 5. p.451(7).